السلطة البيولوجية في روسيا بوتين

From Caregiving to Life-Taking **In this book, Makaryshev and Medvedev address the importance of biopolitics in fueling Russia's confrontation with the West. The two researchers argue that the development of Putin's illiberal authoritarianism was largely driven by what they call the biopolitical shift. This shift is evident in the use of an increasing number of regulatory mechanisms to control and constrain the human body. These political practices relate to issues of sexuality, reproductive behaviour, adoption, fertility, family planning, public health and demography. This transformation created a new disciplinary framework for the population and the elite. Prohibitions and restrictions of a biopolitical nature have become one of the main tools for defining the rules of belonging to the political community and drawing its political borders. The essence of Russian identity formation has been captured by biopolitical discourses, which contrast a positive “conservative Russia” with a supposedly evil “liberal West.” The presentation of the political hierarchy of body-centered structures of power and domination in Russia indicates its shift from a biopolitics to a politics of death. Elements of the politics of death (oppressive and life-destroying) permeate systems of biopower: they form the core of Putin's rule over Russia, and a major factor behind the war against Ukraine.