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This book provides a fresh and up-to-date account of the history of the Soviet Union, beginning with the revolutions of 1917 and the Union Treaty of 1922, all the way to its dissolution in 1991. The Soviet Union and the world were in the twentieth century, and the world is still affected by its legacy, 30 years after its demise. The Soviet Union was an attempt to create a state for the liberated working class and liberated peoples. However, the Soviet peoples were not free, and the Soviet Union became an extension of the Russian Empire before 1917. In the Union of Soviet Republics, many tensions emerged between the central authority in Moscow and the various regions, and Soviet state building and national repression occupy a central place in the book. The various chapters also deal with Marxist-Leninist ideology and the one-party state, showing how the Soviet Union emerged as a large-scale and brutal modernization project with a planned economy, five-year plans, prison camps, interrogations and deportations, but also with a rich literary production and cultural life that influenced the entire world.