المال بلا حدود: العملات العالمية من كرويسوس إلى العملات المشفرة

Doubts are growing about the dollar's dominance internationally amid concerns about tariffs, political turmoil, and the erosion of international alliances. Will the dollar continue to dominate? In his book “Money Without Borders: Global Currencies from Croesus to Cryptocurrencies,” Barry Eichengreen, a leading expert on international currencies, places the dollar’s prospects in an in-depth historical context, tracing the history of cross-border currencies, from the invention of coins in the 7th century B.C., to today’s cryptocurrencies. Central bank digital tomorrow. ## Green Currency The book tells how Greek and Roman coins became the first true international currencies, how the Florentine gold florin became the “green currency of the Renaissance,” and how it was succeeded by Spanish silver and Dutch paper currency. The book also explains the reasons for the dominance of the pound sterling over the international economy in the nineteenth century, the rise of the dollar to the top during World War II, and its resistance to expectations of its imminent loss of its dominance since the 1970s. ## Dollar falls The long history of international currencies shows that the same factors that encourage their widespread use eventually lead to their abandonment. The book makes a strong case that the dollar is currently experiencing a downturn in this cycle, and examines who will win and who will lose when people abandon the dollar. The book reveals important patterns in the life cycles of international currencies over the past 2,500 years, and offers valuable lessons and insights into how currencies rise—and why they fall.